This is an updated version of a previous post, which is preserved here.
In a departure from what I often write about, I'm going to talk a little bit about something that is tangentially related to what I actually do for a living: running a web server. So I'm going to give a brief tutorial on setting up uWSGI (in Emperor mode) and Nginx so that you can run one or more Python Flask instances on a server.
Installation
Flask
uWSGI
Nginx
Port Forwarding
Sources
Why? Well, I'm far from a pro at anything related to networking or web development, but I have been
writing a few web tools lately just for fun. Initially, I had several different Flask/Werkzeug instances running in what was essentially a dev mode on different ports on my server, and I had each of these ports forwarded. But...
...this was ungainly, running multiple Werkzeug instances was inefficient, I didn't want to have to forward all of those ports, and damn it, I wanted to do things
right. But, as this isn't my area of expertise, it took me a while to put all of these pieces together, because many of the examples that I was able to find were light on the details. I'm putting this here in the hope that someone else in my situation might find it useful.
Installation
So here are the relevant details. I'm running Ubuntu 14.04 and I'm using Python 3.4 (and 2.7.9), Flask 0.10, uWSGI 2.0.9, and Nginx 1.1.19. If you are missing any of these, you'll want to install them with your package manager of choice.
* For example:
$ sudo apt-get install python
$ sudo apt-get install uwsgi
$ sudo apt-get install nginx
$ pip3 install flask
Some caveats: First, if you're running Python 2.x, you'll want to ensure that Flask is available for it, as well. (You can try
pip install flask, depending on your configuration.) Second, if you're planning to run multiple Flask applications using multiple versions of Python, you may have to build uWSGI core from source and specify which Python plugin to use for each application. Building uWSGI from source isn't the worst thing in the world; instructions for building the application and the necessary plugins are
available here.
The goal here is to run multiple Flask servers on one machine without having to worry about port numbers and the like. We'll start with just one, and I'm sure that you can figure the rest out from there.
Flask
First you need a Flask application to run. How about
this one? I wrote it a few months ago because I wanted to translate GET requests to POST requests. (At the time that I'm writing this, that particular application hasn't been updated to use Python 3.)
Navigate to the directory you'd like to install it to (probably
/opt/ or
/var/www/), then clone it. You'll want to verify that it runs locally on its own first.
$ cd /opt
$ git clone https://github.com/spurll/post.git
$ post/run.py
In a web browser on the same server, navigate to
http://localhost:9999 and verify that the application is accessible. If you're running headless (as I am) you can always spawn the process to the background with
post/run.py & and then
curl localhost:9999 and verify that you don't get an error back. You can now kill the Python process.
Flask is now set up!
uWSGI
First, test that uWSGI will run your application correctly on its own:
$ cd /opt/post
$ uwsgi --socket 127.0.0.1:9999 --protocol=http -w run:app
In this case,
run is the name of the Python source file that contains our application (
/opt/post/run.py) and
app is the name of the Werkzeug/Flask application object contained in that file. Verify that the application is accessible again from
http://localhost:9999 as above.
If everything is working correctly, kill the uWSGI instance. It's now time to configure uWSGI's Emperor mode. This allows us to essentially have one master process that oversees all of our web applications, starting (and restarting) them when needed and logging as appropriate. You will probably have to install a few plugins, too, using your package manager of choice. (Note that if you want to support multiple Python versions, you may need to build these plugins from source, as mentioned above.) Assuming you want to use the standard plugins:
$ sudo apt-get install uwsgi-plugin-python
$ sudo apt-get install uwsgi-plugin-http
By default, your uWSGI master configuration file will probably be located at
/etc/init/uwsgi.conf. Edit it with your editor of choice (I'm a Vim guy, myself):
$ sudo vim /etc/init/uwsgi.conf
It should look something like this:
description "uWSGI"
start on runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [06]
respawn
env UWSGI=/usr/bin/uwsgi
env LOGTO=/var/log/uwsgi/emperor.log
exec $UWSGI --master --emperor /etc/uwsgi/apps-enabled --die-on-term --uid www-data --gid www-data --logto $LOGTO
You can change the location of the Emperor's log file by changing the
LOGTO environment variable. You can also modify which user (
--uid) and group (
--gid) the Emperor will run as.
Now it's time to configure the applications. Your application-specific configuration files (in this case, for the POST program that we installed to
/opt/post/) will probably be found at
/etc/uwsgi/apps-available/. Create a new file there and call it
post.ini. It should like something like this:
[uwsgi]
# Variables
url_mount = /%n
base = /opt/%n
app = run
callable = app
# Plugins
plugins-dir = /usr/lib/uwsgi/plugins
plugins = python,http
# URL Script Mounting
mount = %(url_mount)=%(base)/%(app).py
manage-script-name = true
# Generic Config
pythonpath = %(base)
venv = %(base)/venv # If using virtualenv
socket = /opt/run/%n.sock
module = %(app)
logto = /var/log/uwsgi/%n.log
Here,
url_mount is the mount-point for the application (for example, if you're running the application at
http://www.yourserver.com/post, the value would be
/post),
base is the base directory of our application (the directory that contains the module we want to run),
app contains the name of the module to run (in this case
run, for
run.py),
callable is the name of the Werkzeug/Flask callable application object (if you don't supply this, uWSGI will assume that it's called
application), and
socket defines the location of the socket you'd like Nginx to use when communicating with your uWSGI server. The
%n references the name of our file (sans extension) to maintain consistency.
You'll need to ensure that the location of your sockets (in this case,
/opt/run/) exists and that the appropriate user (in this case,
www-data) has write permissions.
This configuration assumes that you want to run your program using the modules installed on your system's Python. Plugins might prove to be an issue. You'll want to point
plugins-dir to the appropriate path, and make sure that you have the appropriate plugin. If you're running Python 3.x (or you want to specify a specific Python plugin for uWSGI for some other reason), you can point
plugins at something like
python34 (which you may have to
build) instead.
To run the application in a virtual environment, you can add a line defining
home:
home = %(base)/virtualenv
Where
virtualenv is the directory containing the Python virtual environment you'd like to use. (In our case, that would be at
/opt/post/virtualenv/, if we were using a virtual environment.)
Once you're ready, create a symbolic link to place the
post.ini file you've created in the
apps-enabled directory:
$ sudo ln -s /etc/uwsgi/apps-available/post.ini /etc/uwsgi/apps-enabled/post.ini
You can start the uWSGI process (if you haven't already) like this:
$ sudo service uwsgi start
As soon as your Emperor process sees an application configuration file in
apps-enabled it will start up a uWSGI instance to serve requests for that application. If you'd like to set up additional Flask applications at this time, simply install them and create uWSGI configuration files for each (and don't forget to link them to
apps-enabled!). If you're having trouble, take a look at the logs (which are probably in
/var/log/uwsgi/).
The uWSGI Emperor is now set up!
Nginx
We're almost there!
The default configuration file for Nginx should be located at
/etc/nginx/sites-available/default. Feel free to edit this one, or create your own. By default, Nginx will point requests on port 80 (the default HTTP port) to
/usr/share/nginx/www. If you'd like to point them somewhere else (such as
/var/www/) you can change that here. Here's a brief Nginx configuration file that you can use to run connect your uWSGI server to the outside world:
# server unix:///path/to/your/site.sock; # For a file socket.
# server 127.0.0.1:9999; # For a port.
upstream post {
server unix:///opt/run/post.sock;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name your.server.url;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
root /var/www;
index index.html index.htm;
# GET to POST
location /post {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass post;
}
}
Replace
your.server.url with the URL for your server (you can use
localhost for testing purposes). This configuration assumes that you'd like your application to be accessible at
http://your.server.url/post. If you'd like it to take the place of the main page at
http://your.server.url/, modify the
location appropriately.
Note that current versions of uWSGI no longer support the (long-deprecated)
uwsgi_modifier1 30; to pass this mount information on to uWSGI, so if you're running multiple applications (or don't want to host your application on
/) you will probably want to pay attention to the script mounting information for uWSGI above.
Once you're done, create a soft link to
/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ for each of the entries in
/etc/nginx/sites-available/. Now you can start your Nginx service.
$ sudo service nginx start
Every time you modify the Nginx configuration file, you'll have to restart the it.
Port Forwarding
If you're running this server from your home or office and you need external access, don't forgot to forward port 80 so that Nginx is accessible. Instructions for your router are probably available
here.
Sources
I used several sites while putting this all together. If you're stuck, they may contain additional information that I neglected to include here. Here are the most helpful of the bunch:
Deploying Flask on uWSGI
Multiple Django and Flask Sites with Nginx and uWSGI Emperor
How to Setup Nginx
uWSGI Example Configuration
I also had some help from my friends and colleagues
BCJ and
Curtis when I was initially setting up Nginx. Thanks, gents!
* Since you're probably not going to be running uWSGI under your own user account, you'll probably want to either use a
virtual environment or satisfy any package requirements via
sudo pip3. Otherwise, you will probably end up with errors like:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/opt/post/run.py", line 9, in
from post import app
File "/opt/post/post/__init__.py", line 1, in
from flask import Flask
ImportError: No module named 'flask'
