In this episode of Life, the Universe & Everything Else, Ian James sits down for a conversation with Rafael Reyes, guitarist for local Winnipeg band The Mariachi Ghost.
In this episode of Life, the Universe & Everything Else, Leslie Saunders presents the long awaited second part of her discussion with Paul Brown, Robert Shindler, and Greg Christensen about hidden meanings in music. Also on this episode, Jeff Olsson interviews David Niose, president of the American Humanist Association and author of Nonbeliever Nation: The Rise of Secular Americans.
Correction: While the Internet was not invented in the nineties (as mentioned in this episode) but in fact had early nodes dating back to 1969, the World Wide Web was invented (more or less) in the early nineties. As the Web eclipsed Usenet and other early Internet services, the Internet rose rapidly in popularity during this time.
In this episode of Life, the Universe & Everything Else, Leslie Saunders takes Paul Brown, Robert Shindler and Greg Christensen on a musical journey to find hidden meanings.
The tenth Symphony of Science music video, "Children of Africa: The Story of Us", is now available! If you haven't checked out Symphony of Science (and you don't mind a little autotuning), then what are you waiting for?
After waiting for far too long, Bryan Steeksma's music is now available on both iTunes and CDBaby. If you're not interested in downloading the whole album, my favourites are I Am the Satellite and The Galaxy's Elegant Cinema.
Also, don't forget to check out the new song from Symphony of Science. Plus their newly redesigned website is sweet!
These are the things that science gives me. My pursuit of scepticism has brought me many a belly-laugh, at my own and others' expenses, but until I began my layman's study of science I had never, ever felt such deep, unabashed wonder at the marvels of the universe.
I was recently involved in a discussion of homeopathy, and I brought up Avagadro's constant in passing, noting that Hahnemann proposed ludicrous serial dilutions before the value of the constant was known. I was then asked how the value of this number related to homeopathic dilutions. I replied vaguely that it was mostly an order of magnitude thing. My companion pressed me for details, so I sat down and walked her through it, because I like math and also because I think that such inquiry is important. Samuel Hahnemann's principle of serial dilution (the idea that the further a substance is diluted, the more potent is its effect) is a ludicrous one, and actually doing the calculations can be very enlightening.
Let's begin with the assumption that our homeopathic medium is water. What we need to begin is the molecular mass of water; this is easy to calculate, if you have a periodic table handy. Water (H20) contains two hydrogen atoms (one proton each) and one oxygen atom (eight protons and eight neutrons, usually), making for atomic masses of 1 u and 16 u, respectively. This makes the molecular mass of water 1 + 1 + 16 = 18 u.
Now, if you remember high school chemistry (I won't blame you if you don't), 1 unified atomic mass unit (I just found out that chemical and physical amu were deprecated!) is equal to 1 gram/mole. This means that water, at an atomic mass of 18 u, has a mass of 18 grams per mole of particles. And here's where we come to the importance of Avagadro's constant: one mole is approximately 6.02 x 1023 (this number was arrived at by calculating the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, in case you're interested).
If we want to take a hard look at our dilution, we need the number of molecules in our dilution medium before we begin. So if we have 18 grams per mole (which, for water, is 18 millilitres per mole—thank you, metric system!) and one mole is 6.02 x 1023... Well, let's do the math!
18 g/mol = 0.0556 mol/g
0.0556 mol/g = 0.0556 x 6.02 x 1023/g
0.0556 x 6.02 x 1023/g = 3.34 x 1022/g
Or you could just have WolframAlpha calculate it for you. But that wouldn't be nearly as fun!
How about alcohol? Ethanol being more popular (and less deadly) than methanol, we'll use that:
46 g/mol = 0.0217 mol/g
0.0217 mol/g = 0.0217 x 6.02 x 1023/g
0.0217 x 6.02 x 1023/g = 1.03 x 1022/g
So what does this tell us? Well, a standard homeopathic dilution is 30C (or 60X), which means one part "active" ingredient in 10030 (or 1060) parts water or alcohol. But here's the kicker: we just calculated the maximum number of "parts" into which it is possible to divide water! Unless you go splitting the atom, you can't divide 1 cc of water into more than 3.34 x 1022 parts. Let's say we're dealing with a full litre of the stuff (approximately two pints, for you Americans): we're still only dealing with 3.34 x 1025 molecules—we're still off by a whopping thirty-five orders of magnitude!
So what's the maximum dilution at which you're more likely than not to have at least one molecule of the original substance? You use logarithms! Assuming one litre of water (1 kg):
log10 3.34 x 1025 = 25.5
Alternatively, assuming 1.27 litres of ethanol (1 kg):
log10 1.03 x 1025 = 25.0
That would be a dilution of 25X (approximately 13C). At dilutions above 13C, you are unlikely to have a single molecule of the original substance left!
The solution? (Pun unintentional, but appreciated!) Water has memory! For an erudite discussion of this subject matter, may I suggest Storm, by Tim Minchin?
